The Republican-controlled U.S. House of Representatives, in a tight vote, passed a sweeping tax and spending bill that would enact much of President Donald Trump's policy agenda on Thursday and burden the world's largest economy with more debt.
The bill would fulfill many of Trump's populist campaign pledges, delivering new tax breaks on tips and car loans and boosting spending on the military and border enforcement. It will add about $3.8 trillion to the federal government's $36.2 trillion in debt over the next decade, according to the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office.
What Trump called the "one, big, beautiful bill" passed in a 215-214 vote, with all of the chamber's Democrats and two Republicans voting against it. A third Republican voted "present."
The package must also win approval in the Republican-controlled Senate before Trump can sign it into law. The vote came after a marathon push that kept lawmakers debating the bill through two successive nights.
The 1,000-page legislation would extend corporate and individual tax cuts passed in 2017 during Trump's first term in office, cancel many green-energy incentives passed by Democratic former President Joe Biden and tighten eligibility for health and food programs for the poor. It also would fund Trump's crackdown on immigration, adding tens of thousands of border guards and creating the capacity to deport up to 1 million people each year.
The bill passed despite growing concerns over the U.S. debt, which has reached 124% of gross domestic product (GDP), prompting a downgrade of the United States' top-notch credit rating by Moody's last week.
The U.S. government has recorded budget deficits every year of this century, as Republican and Democratic administrations alike have failed to align spending with revenue.
Interest payments accounted for $1 out of every $8 spent by the U.S. government last year, more than the amount spent on the military, according to the CBO. That share will grow to $1 out of every $6 over the next 10 years as an aging population pushes up the government's health and pension costs, even if Trump's budget bill is not considered.
Investors, unnerved by the U.S.' fiscal standing and Trump's erratic tariff moves, are increasingly selling the dollar and other U.S. assets that make up the bedrock of the global financial system.
"We're not rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic tonight. We're putting coal in the boiler and setting a course for the iceberg," said Representative Thomas Massie of Kentucky, one of the two Republicans to vote against the bill.
Republican supporters of the bill had argued that failure to pass it would have raised taxes for many American households. They also plan to use the bill to raise the federal government's debt ceiling, a step Congress must take by summer or risk triggering a devastating default.
"The success of the country depends on it,” Representative Stephanie Bice, an Oklahoma Republican, said on Wednesday. "These are pro-growth objectives that the president is very in favor of, and so we’re moving forward.”
With a narrow 220-212 majority, House Speaker Mike Johnson could not afford to lose more than a handful of votes from his side.
Republicans on the party's right flank had pushed for deeper spending cuts to lessen the budget impact, but they met resistance from centrists who worried they would fall too heavily on the 71 million low-income Americans enrolled in the Medicaid health program.
Johnson made changes to address conservatives' concerns, pulling forward new work requirements for Medicaid recipients to take effect at the end of 2026, two years earlier than before. That would kick several million people off the program, according to CBO. The bill also would penalize states that expand Medicaid in the future.
Johnson also expanded a deduction break for state and local tax payments, which was a priority for a handful of centrist Republicans who represent high-tax states like New York and California.
Democrats blasted the bill as disproportionately benefiting the wealthy while cutting benefits for working Americans. CBO found it would reduce income for the poorest 10% of U.S. households and boost income for the top 10%.
"This bill is a scam, a tax scam designed to steal from you, the American people, and give to Trump's millionaire and billionaire friends," Democratic Representative Jim McGovern said.
The Senate, where Republicans hold a 53-47 majority, is not expected to take the bill up until early June. Top Senate Republicans have said that the chamber may make significant changes to the bill before passing it.
