Pavel Cechal believes that the Czech company he works for could easily generate more business for its missile and drone engines to double its workforce, if only he could find the staff.
His dilemma is shared by many defense companies in Europe, where governments are ramping up spending on ammunition, tanks and other arms in response to U.S. President Donald Trump's warnings that they should not rely so much on Washington.
Cechal is vice president of operations at PBS Group, whose production facility in Velka Bites, a two-hour drive from Prague, employs 800 people. He is looking for more.
"If they were available on the labor market, we would hire most of them immediately. We have the business for it," he told Reuters, adding the firm had raised wages by 8% last year and plans another 10% hike in 2025 to attract talent.
"We are now hiring at all levels of the company." While the bloc's 800 billion euro ($896 billion) defence spending push is expected to create hundreds of thousands of jobs over the next decade, the specially trained AI engineers, data scientists, welders and mechanics required are in short supply.
Reuters spoke to more than a dozen companies, recruiters, and workers who said that, along with hiking wages and benefits, arms makers are poaching from other sectors and seeking potential recruits among local pupils and students.
PBS Group has taken a step beyond cooperation with schools and universities. Milan Macholan, chief executive of the Velka Bites production facility, said: "We also started our own training school where we generate our own employees."
Since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, 78% of EU military procurement spending has gone outside the bloc, with the U.S. alone securing 63%, European Commission data show, partly because Europe's defense sector is fragmented between states. The EU plans to move a big chunk of that procurement to Europe and hopes its new Union of Skills training and hiring strategy will help fill the defence recruitment gap. In Russia, meanwhile, hiring by the well-funded arms sector is causing labour shortages elsewhere.
Franco-German company KNDS, which manufactures the CAESAR self-propelled howitzer used in Ukraine, has expanded shifts at the company's main production site in Bourges in central France and is boosting hiring by 50% annually.
Recruitment remains a key issue, said Nicolas Chamussy, managing director of KNDS France, adding that there was a limit to how much they could hike salaries.
"Don't forget that we're in a war economy, but we're also in an economic war. If our wages increase in an uncontrolled way, we'll be less competitive," he said.
AI experts who can develop autonomous weapons systems as well as people with expertise in products made in small volumes are in particular demand, industry participants said.
"We're not going to manufacture a CAESAR in the same way as a Peugeot 308. We have to master very, very specific know-how, which requires very particular skills. And those are rare on the job market," said KNDS spokesperson Gabriel Massoni.
A boost in defense spending to 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) from the current NATO target of 2% would require as many as 760,000 new skilled workers in Europe, management consultant firm Kearney said in a recent report.
"Defense policy independence in Europe would only be possible if the local share of defense spending were to increase dramatically, which in turn could further exacerbate personnel shortages," Kearney partner Guido Hertel wrote in the report.
Rheinmetall – Europe's largest ammunition maker – plans to increase its workforce by around 29%, or up to 9,000, by 2028, primarily with product developers, engineers, welders and electronics technicians, it told Reuters.
Submarine and frigate builder Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems is seeking up to 1,500 workers for its shipyard in Wismar, northern Germany. It is scouring trade fairs but says shortages of STEM experts trained in mathematics, IT, or sciences are a challenge, a view shared by Leonardo in Italy.
"In the past, the fact that we offered secure, quality contracts was enough to guarantee our leadership, but today young people favor other sectors over industry," said the aerospace and defense firm, which is looking to universities and technical schools.
Godefroy Jordan, general manager at Headhunting Factory, a Paris-based recruiter, specializes in finding mechanics, systems engineers and technicians for some of France's 4,000 small and medium-sized defense industry suppliers.
"The people we're targeting are in jobs where they've never been headhunted, they don't even have a CV," Jordan told Reuters. "When we call them, they think it's a scam."
"This isn't a problem of finances; it's a human resources problem because the skills aren't there," he added.
Emrullah Karaca, who has worked at the soon-to-be-closed Gifhorn plant of auto supplier Continental for 25 years, is pondering a switch to Rheinmetall, which operates a factory around 50 kilometers (30 miles) north.
But the father of three, who has trained to become a machine operator specialized in plastics technology, was also considering other options without the three-hour commute.
"For 25 years I've had the luxury of ... getting to work within five minutes," he said.
Auto industry struggles have helped Czech ammunition and shell producer STV Group recruit some of the more than 200 people it aims to add to its Vysoke Myto facility, 155 kilometers (96 miles) from Prague, by the middle of next year, its chairperson, David Hac, said.
"With the situation in the automotive industry worsening, we are now, for the first time in a long time, in a situation where we can choose a little among the people."
Oliver Doerre, CEO of German sensor and radar maker Hensoldt, told Reuters the company welcomed former auto workers because they are used to just-in-time manufacturing.
"That's where we hope to gain expertise to support us on this path towards serial production, towards scaling up production," he said.
